The Split Brain Procedure - 2384 Words

Our brain is divided into two halves or hemispheres. The left hemisphere specializes in language, words, understanding and reasoning while the right hemisphere is associated with spatial awareness and creativity. Split brain is a term used to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres is severed either partially or completely. Before the proceeding with the surgical procedure, the patient’s head is either partially or completely shaven in order to gain easier access to the scalp. Once they are under general anesthesia, the surgeon makes an incision, which allows for a craniotomy to be performed. A craniotomy is an operation that allows for the temporary removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. For a partial callostomy, the anterior two-thirds is sectioned, but the posterior one-third is sectioned as well for a complete callostomy. After sectioning, the dura is closed and a portion of the cranium is replaced. The split-brain procedure was primarily done in order to stop epileptic seizures. Epileptic episodes can range from a short loss of consciousness to severely thrashing arms and legs uncontrollably. Scientists and researchers are now aware of the fact that seizures are caused by an abnormal discharge of electrical impulses throughout the brain that interrupts normal brain patterns. They were also able to figure out that severing the corpus callosum prevents the electrical discharge from dispersing through theShow MoreRelated The Human Brain Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages Our brains weigh about three pounds and are divided into two similar looking but functionally different hemisphere, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. Both of which are connected by a large bundle of nerves called the corpus collosum. In some people with severe seizure disorders such as epilepsy, it was found that if this bundle of nerves was severed their seizure would either cease or a the very least b e better controlled. From this surgical procedure it was discovered that the two hemispheresRead MoreHistory Of Split Brain Research982 Words   |  4 PagesSplit-Brain Research History of split-brain research Walter Dandy, an American neurosurgeon unintentionally paved the way into research on split-brain patients in the 1930s. Split-Brain refers to patients who have had their corpus callosum severed to some extent or in whole. This procedure was mainly used as an extremely invasive surgical procedure within patients suffering from intractable epileptic seizures. The corpus callosum consists of over 200 million nerve fibres connecting the left andRead MoreSplit Brain1201 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: SPLIT BRAIN LATERALIZATION Difference of Lateralization Between Split Brain And Intact Brain Patients Psychology 102 Section 6X Student Abstract Split brain patients lateralize functions in their brains to either side of the brains while intact brain patients utilize both sides of their brains. A group of 20 subjects were tested, 10 split brain and 10 intact brain patients. We gave these subjects three exams, a vocabulary test, a logical reasoning task and a faceRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Becomes Of Critical Importance860 Words   |  4 Pagesentity compared to the physical neurons within the brain. However, the field of neuroscience is finding many connections between the physical nature of the brain and the supposed non-physical aspect of the human mind. In a sense, neuroscience seeks to understand the functioning of the mind in terms of the physical neuronal firings of the brain. In addition, neuroscience seeks further information concerning the â€Å"fixity† and â€Å"plasticity† of the brain. The field of neuropsychology was developed in responseRead MoreSchizophrenia, By Swiss Psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler1182 Words   |  5 Pages Schizophrenia, known as the brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally is a serious brain disorder. Schizophrenia can distort the way you think, expression emotions, act, and affects the way you react to others. Sufferers also have issues functioning at work, in school, in their relationships, and of course, society as a whole. Schizophrenia, thought as the most debilitating of the mental illnesses, is a life-long disease. Schizophrenia can only be controlled through properRead MoreBrain Asymmetry Experiment1217 Words   |  5 PagesDistinctiveness between the right and left hemisphere of the brain Word Count: 995 Abstract The brain assymetry experiment is to investigate on the distinctiveness of the right and left hemisphere in the brain as each hemisphere has certain specializations. The experiment were carried out by initially asking the 25 participant on whether they were left or right handed and they had to choose the chimeric image which appeared younger to them. Laterality quotients were calculated in order toRead MoreFunctions Of The Various Cerebral Cortex Regions Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesa damaged brain reorganize itself, and what is neurogenesis c. What do split brains reveal about the functions of our two brain hemispheres? d. What does research tell us about being left-handed? Is it advantageous to be right-handed? 2. Outline a. The cerebral cortex i. Older brain networks endure simple life roles and enable memory, emotions and basic drives. ii. The cerebral hemisphere come as a duos iii. Cerebral cortex: a thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells 1. Brains thinking crownRead MoreExplain How Biological Factors May Affect One Cognitive Process1659 Words   |  7 Pagestemporal lobe is where memory is stored. This is where the brain stores everything one remembers. The hippocampus is also responsible for a part of memory. This is where the process of new memories is introduced into long-term storage. If the hippocampus is damaged or absent, one would not remember what is happening in the present, but only remember what happened in the past. It’s in the frontal lobe that memory is recalled - this is where the brains explores and recalls important information. In thisRead MoreSplit Brain: What Happens when You Have Two Brains?570 Words   |  2 Pageswould have a split brain, I don’t believe I would act any differently than I act now. The only way to actually notice the differences is when you put yourself through tests. However, if it was a special case, I might not be completely functioning. I would have troubl e telling my body what actions to perform. Split brain occurs when there is a lack of a corpus callosum or when the corpus callosum is severed. Making it so there is no connection between the two hemispheres of a person’s brain. A personRead MoreThe Perceptual Cognitive Skills And Their Interaction As A Function Of Task Constraints1395 Words   |  6 Pagescan be said that the skilled soccer player had better free recall or cued recall than less skilled players. As defined in our cognitive psychology book free recall is a procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that was previously presented (Goldstein 7). Cued recall is defined as a procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli (Goldstein 7). The expert soccer

The Effects of the Media on Body Image Free Essays

The pressure to be thin has amplified significantly due to the growing influence of the media. Despite numerous of other factors that contribute to society’s view of the ideal body image, the media by far has the largest influence on society through icons that constantly reinforce unrealistic beauty standards and idealize the thin. The media persistently glamorizes the extremely skinny, which greatly impacts how society views different body types. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of the Media on Body Image or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pictures of impossibly thin models are continuously pasted all over billboards and magazines. The skinny are looked up to, and the obese are shunned. Popular television shows that include overweight characters depict them either as comical outcasts or failures. There is also an abundance of television programs that focus solely on overweight individuals attempting to lose weight. For instance, The Biggest Loser is a very successful television series and publishing enterprise which selects participants based on body size. According to John Whyte, MD, in â€Å"Media Portrayal of People Who are Obese,† â€Å"The Biggest Loser promotes the perception that obesity is caused by individual failure rather than a mixture of individual, environment, and genetic sources. The popular television show also suggests that obese people are fat because they are lazy and that the only way for them to be respected and accepted is to lose the extra weight. These type of shows portray obesity in a certain way that promotes negative perceptions and fosters prejudice against the obese. Viewers don’t consciously think about it, but the more they are around the media that subtly promotes these perceptions, the more likely the perceptions are to be engrained in their minds. Moreover, the high standards of beauty that the media implements daily are nearly impossible for the majority of people to meet. Even though the average American is at least slightly overweight or obese, popular media pushes out derogatory themes that discriminate unfairly against the obese. The media’s strong influence on society against bigger body types has caused numerous of dire effects on the way people think today. As stated by Shelly Grabe of Medical News Today in her article â€Å"Concern over Strong Media Influence on Women’s Body Image,† researchers have recently conducted a meticulous study on the extent to which the media affects women. They found a tremendous difference between those who were exposed to media and those who were not; the women who had been exposed reported less satisfaction with their bodies (Grabe). Exposure to media that depicts dangerously thin actresses and models significantly increases people’s distress about their bodies, thereby influencing dissatisfaction and chances of engaging in unhealthy eating behaviors. Furthermore, research has â€Å"repeatedly shown that constant exposure to thin models fosters body image concerns and disordered eating† in many people. Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have been steadily more common in younger generations today. Subliminal messages from the media about what the â€Å"ideal† body should look like molds the naive teenagers’ mindset and influences their definitions of what is ugly and what is beautiful. There are few that escape the inundating influences of the media. In fact, â€Å"the average American sees three thousand ads per day† (Jean Kilbourne). Therefore, the media does not just play a small role in influencing society’s view on different body types. The media relentlessly bombards society with negative connotations of the overweight and the fat, unwelcomingly shaping America’s perception of the ideal body. Discrimination against body types that do not fit into the media’s definition of beauty has immensely impacted society. However, the media does not have to be such a big influence. There have been a plethora of organizations that exist to help boost the self esteem of those who suffer from harmful messages sent by the media about what their bodies should look like. According to the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA), a civil rights organization, was started in 1969 to â€Å"eliminate discrimination based on body size and to provide obese people with the tools for self-empowerment though public education, advocacy, and support. † NAAFA delivers a message to society that belies the media’s input of the ideal body type. The non-profit organization seeks to better society and to limit discrimination against the obese. There are many similar organizations and groups that help support people who are facing discrimination from their peers. Additionally, there has been an ongoing growth of celebrities who embrace their bodies for what they are. Celebrities such as Adele serve as an excellent inspiration and role model to people who look up to them. Seventeen Magazine has also initiated a Beauty Peace Treaty which encourages females all around the world to pledge to accept their bodies. The treaty has gained the signatures and vows of over four thousand people and continues to grow in popularity. Even though popular media is the root of the negative impressions of the obese, society does not have to be anchored in place to those stereotypes. The media has the greatest incessant impact on society’s view of the ideal body type. From advertisements to song lyrics, popular media is ubiquitous, constantly reinforcing erroneous standards of beauty and flawed perceptions of the obese. However, there are a variety of different resources that help combat the negative influences from the media and encourage those that suffer from low body image. How to cite The Effects of the Media on Body Image, Papers

Where Admart Went Wrong free essay sample

A revolution was taking place in the grocery store industry, and was creating the potential for drastically lower food bills for Hong Kong consumers. This was the result of Mr. Jimmy Lai Chee-ying? s latest business venture, adMart, a directmarketing company that sold groceries and electronic products through the Internet and phone-in orders, and offered free delivery service. At stake was a slice of the market worth more than HK$55 billion (US$7 billion) a year (HK Standard, 22 August 1999). Mr.Jimmy Lai had broken into other markets in the last ten years with Giordano (a casual wear chain-store), Next Magazine (a weekly magazine), and Apple Daily (a daily newspaper). But this time, he was taking on Hong Kong? s retail powerhouses, a duopoly of billionaire Mr. Li Ka-shing? s Hutchison Whampoa (Park? N Shop) and the colonial British conglomerate Jardine Matheson Holdings (Wellcome Supermarket). Other retailers had not been able to challenge the entrenched giants, largely because setting up brick and mortar stores was simply too expensive given Hong Kong? skyrocketing real-estate costs. Mr. Jimmy Lai figured that a virtual store would solve the problem and boasted that adMart would smash the status quo and bring price relief to local customers. The idea was to use the huge advertising muscle of Mr. Jimmy Lai? Next Media Group to sell products and revolutionize the grocery market. An excellent marketing strategy such as promoting adMart goods vigorously in his Apple Daily, one of Hong Kong? s two most-read newspapers, and orders could be placed by telephone, fax, or e-mail. As a result, a new brand name was developed in a short time, which forced Wellcome and Park? N Shop into a cut-throat price war. Mr. Jimmy Lai claimed that Hutchison and Jardine had warned the distributors not to sell groceries and electronics to adMart and pulled advertisements out of his Apple Daily. Although the two supermarket giants did not admit to directly competing with adMart, both acknowledged that they met adMart? s challenge by boosting advertising, slashing prices, and launching their own me-too cyber stores (Business Week, 23 October 2000). The venture into cyber-shopping was never going to be smooth for adMart. The first problem was that online transactions did not live up to expectations. At their height, only 25 percent of the orders delivered were placed on the Internet, with 65 percent coming by telephone, and 10 percent by fax (SCMP. com, 13 December 2000). Not long after it opened, adMart was plagued by product and service problems. Adding to adMart? s woes, suppliers stopped providing goods, because the company was selling products below prices agreed between the suppliers and other retailers. Hampered by a lack of quality products, adMart was forced to parallel import goods that offered little quality assurance, and reportedly made losses of between HK$50 and $60 million a month (Hong Kong iMail, 12 December 2000). After an 18-month period of intense competition, adMart ceased trading on 11 December 2000. No longer bound by time or geography, customers could shop in cyberspace around the clock. Online shopping was now becoming as common and convenient as ordering by telephone or fax. A survey conducted by AC Nielsen in June 1999 revealed that 17% of Internet users showed interest in shopping via the Internet. Books, magazines, CDs, audio and videotapes contributed to about 39 percent of total local Internet sales, followed by daily supermarket items and computer software products. According to the survey, Internet users had shown a growing interest in grocery shopping, creating demand worth HK$800 million a year. In August 2000, almost 50 percent of the people who shopped on the Internet had used it to buy food and household goods in the previous 12 months, which was up from only 20 percent in January 2000. People commonly shopped online for basic items such as rice and bulk food (SCMP. com, 10 October 2000). The average purchase value of each Internet shopper was around HK$680. 00. The benefit of shopping online was that one had more choice of goods, and could more easily compare prices between shops. The advantages of cyberspace were most significant for shopping that required a substantial amount of information, which was an area where the traditional shopping experience was rather inefficient (HK Standard, 10 May 2000). A Consumer Council survey found that about 80 percent of Internet shoppers were happy with the service that they received. However, consumer complaints related to Internet shopping had risen, and most were due to delivery problems, lost goods, misrepresentation of the goods, and overcharging (SCMP. COM, 18 October 2000). Online shopping was further advanced in January 2000 by the launch of Hong Kong? s first virtual credit card. This move by the Hang Seng Bank attracted thousands of new consumers to the Internet. The bank set a low monthly credit limit of HK$3,000 (HK Standard, 18 January 2000) to 4 ACRJ help calm the public? s well-known fear of online fraud. Indeed, the distrust of online services, and the local passion for physical shopping and bargain hunting, were seen as obstacles in the development of electronic commerce. Hong Kong shoppers wanted to touch and hold the goods they buy, and haggle for the lowest possible price. Such habits would continue to present difficulties for Hong Kong entrepreneurs wanting to replicate the success of e-commerce in Western countries. However, the adMart management group had confidence in the future of direct marketing services, as they reasoned that people in Hong Kong do not have time to shop for basic necessities, and most of them do not have vehicles to transport bulky items home. The management of adMart predicted that once the consumers began shopping online, they would never want to carry a bag of rice and 24 cans of soft drinks back home from the supermarket again.